If there’s anything the COVID-19 pandemic has taught us, it’s that the world we live in has its fair share of health risks. Sure, you could argue that some of them have always been there, flying under the radar, overshadowed by other pressing issues. But it doesn’t change the fact that these risks are real, and they’re posing significant threats to our well-being on a global scale.
So what are these risks, you may ask? Well, a recent report by the World Health Organization identified the top 10 global health risks that we need to be aware of. And let me tell you, this list is not for the faint-hearted. From air pollution to global warming, from the rise of non-communicable diseases to the resurgence of infectious diseases, it’s clear that there’s a lot that we need to tackle in order to ensure a healthier future for ourselves and future generations.
While some of these risks may be out of our individual control, there’s no denying that we all play a crucial role in mitigating them. Whether it’s making lifestyle changes to reduce the risks of non-communicable diseases, advocating for environmental policies that aim to combat global warming, or simply staying informed and educated about the risks that affect us, there’s something we can all do to make a difference. So let’s dive into the top 10 global health risks and start finding ways to tackle them head-on.
Emerging infectious diseases
Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant threat to global health. These diseases are caused by pathogens that have recently appeared in a population or that have existed but are rapidly increasing in prevalence or geographic range. The emergence of new infectious diseases can be linked to a number of factors, including increased global travel and trade, climate change, and human encroachment on natural habitats that brings people into closer contact with new pathogens.
- Some examples of recent emerging infectious diseases include:
- Zika virus
- SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
- MERS-CoV
- Ebola virus
- Chikungunya virus
- Swine flu
- Avian influenza
In addition to causing significant illness and death, emerging infectious diseases can have a profound impact on economies, international trade, and social stability. Effective responses to these diseases require a combination of strong public health systems, robust disease surveillance, and rapid and coordinated international cooperation.
Climate change and health
Climate change is one of the most pressing global health risks the world is facing today. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has warned that continued rise in global temperatures will have severe impacts on the health of people around the world.
Here are some of the health risks associated with climate change:
- Extreme weather events such as heatwaves, floods, and storms can cause deaths and injuries.
- Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can lead to food and water shortages which can lead to malnutrition and hunger.
- Increased spread of infectious diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, and Lyme disease due to changes in the distribution of vectors and pathogens.
The effects of climate change on health are felt most acutely by those who are already marginalized and vulnerable such as children, the elderly, low-income populations, and communities living in remote areas or in disaster-prone areas.
Efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change on health include reducing greenhouse gas emissions and responding to the health impacts of climate change. This can involve implementing strategies to enhance the resilience of health systems, increasing surveillance and response to climate-sensitive health outcomes, and supporting research on the health effects of climate change.
| Health impacts of climate change | Examples |
|---|---|
| Direct impacts | Heat-related illnesses, injuries from extreme weather events, food and water shortages |
| Indirect impacts | Infectious diseases, respiratory illnesses, mental health problems |
Addressing climate change requires a global effort, and health professionals have a crucial role to play in creating the political will for action. By raising awareness about the health impacts of climate change, advocating for policy change, and promoting sustainable ways of living, we can work towards a healthier and more sustainable future for ourselves and for generations to come.
Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites become resistant to antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. The overuse, misuse, and underuse of antimicrobial drugs in humans, animals, and plants have accelerated the emergence and spread of AMR, rendering many commonly used antimicrobial drugs ineffective to treat infections. AMR is a global health threat that could reverse the progress made in controlling infectious diseases, increase healthcare costs, and reduce productivity and economic growth.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that AMR causes about 700,000 deaths annually worldwide, and this number could rise to 10 million by 2050 if AMR is not addressed.
- AMR affects everyone, regardless of age, gender, nationality, or socioeconomic status.
- The emergence and spread of AMR are fueled by various factors, including overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals, poor infection prevention and control measures, lack of new and effective antimicrobial drugs, and global travel and trade.
To address the threat of AMR, WHO and its partners have developed a global action plan on AMR that aims to:
- Improve awareness and understanding of AMR through effective communication, education, and training.
- Strengthen surveillance and laboratory capacity to monitor and detect AMR patterns and trends.
- Reduce the incidence of infections through better hygiene and infection prevention and control measures.
- Optimize the use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and animals through appropriate prescribing, dispensing, and use.
- Develop new and effective antimicrobial drugs, vaccines, and alternative therapies through research and development.
- Invest in sustainable and multisectoral approaches to combat AMR through international cooperation, financing, and governance.
| Actions Needed to Address AMR | Examples |
|---|---|
| Improve infection prevention and control measures | Hand hygiene, sterilization, disinfection, isolation, vaccination |
| Optimize antimicrobial use in humans | Prescribing guidelines, diagnostic stewardship, de-escalation, dose optimization, duration reduction |
| Optimize antimicrobial use in animals | Veterinary oversight, prudent use, hygiene and biosecurity, alternatives to antibiotics |
| Invest in research and development of new antimicrobial drugs and alternatives | Antibiotic discovery, phage therapy, immunotherapies, probiotics, prebiotics |
| Enhance global surveillance and data sharing on AMR | Integrated surveillance systems, harmonized data standards, sharing platforms, early warning systems |
| Strengthen international cooperation, financing, and governance on AMR | Global action plan, political commitment, public-private partnerships, One Health approach |
In conclusion, AMR is a complex and urgent global health challenge that requires the collective efforts of all stakeholders, including governments, healthcare providers, researchers, industry, civil society, and individuals. By taking proactive and sustained actions to prevent and control AMR, we can safeguard the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial drugs and ensure access to effective treatment for infectious diseases now and in the future.
Non-communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) refer to medical conditions that are not directly transmitted from one person to another. These diseases are largely caused by lifestyle factors such as unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. NCDs are now the leading cause of death globally, causing over 70% of deaths worldwide.
- Cardiovascular diseases – These diseases refer to various conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. The most common types of cardiovascular diseases are coronary heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.
- Cancer – This is a group of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth. Cancer can occur in any part of the body and can spread to other parts as well. Common types include lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer.
- Chronic respiratory diseases – These are a group of diseases that affect the lungs and airways. The most common types of chronic respiratory diseases are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and occupational lung diseases.
- Diabetes – This is a condition where the body cannot produce or effectively use insulin, resulting in high levels of sugar in the blood. Diabetes can lead to serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and blindness.
- Mental health disorders – These include a wide range of conditions that affect mood, thinking, and behavior. Common mental health disorders include depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia.
The Economic and Social Costs of NCDs
NCDs not only have a devastating impact on individuals and families, but they also have a significant economic and social cost. The World Economic Forum estimates that NCDs will cost the global economy more than $47 trillion over the next two decades.
Furthermore, NCDs often result in significant health care costs for individuals and countries. These costs can range from medical treatment to disability benefits to lost productivity. In low- and middle-income countries, NCDs can also drive families further into poverty due to the high cost of treatment.
Prevention and Control of NCDs
Prevention and control of NCDs require a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach that addresses the underlying risk factors. Governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector all have a role to play in this effort.
Strategies that can be implemented include:
| Strategy | Description |
|---|---|
| Public awareness campaigns | Increasing awareness of healthy lifestyle choices and behaviors through mass media campaigns. |
| Regulation and taxation | Implementing policies such as taxes on high-calorie foods and sugary drinks to encourage healthier food choices. |
| Primary health care | Strengthening primary health care systems to manage and prevent NCDs through early detection, treatment, and management. |
| Workplace wellness programs | Encouraging employers to implement wellness programs that promote physical activity, healthy diets and stress management in the workplace. |
Through these efforts, we can work together to prevent and control NCDs and improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities around the world.
Natural disasters and humanitarian crises
Natural disasters and humanitarian crises have been identified as one of the top 10 global health risks in the world. These events can lead to displacement, malnutrition, a lack of access to healthcare and sanitation, as well as an increase in infectious diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 250 million people are affected by natural disasters each year, with the majority of these occurring in low- and middle-income countries.
- Earthquakes: According to the American Red Cross, earthquakes can cause damage to infrastructure such as hospitals, as well as disrupt the supply of essential resources like water and food. This can result in injuries, infections and other health problems.
- Floods: Floods can lead to contamination of water sources and increase the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera and dysentery. Displacement and the destruction of homes can also result in malnutrition and an increase in respiratory illnesses.
- Conflict and displacement: Ongoing conflict and displacement can have a significant impact on health. Displaced individuals live in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, making them more susceptible to diseases like tuberculosis and measles. They may also face difficulties accessing healthcare and essential medications.
In addition, humanitarian crises like those caused by conflict or natural disasters can also lead to an increase in mental health issues. Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other mental health conditions are common in individuals who have experienced a traumatic event.
The effects of natural disasters and humanitarian crises can be long-lasting and have a significant impact on overall health and well-being. Efforts to prevent and prepare for these events, as well as to respond effectively when they do occur, are critical to minimize their impact on global health.
| Type of Event | Health Risks |
|---|---|
| Earthquakes | Injuries, infections, respiratory illness |
| Floods | Waterborne diseases, malnutrition, respiratory illness |
| Conflict and displacement | Tuberculosis, measles, mental health issues |
Efforts to mitigate the impact of natural disasters and humanitarian crises on health should include emergency preparedness plans, interventions to prevent infectious diseases, and support for mental health needs. Global health responses should prioritize the needs of the most vulnerable and marginalized populations, and prioritize access to healthcare and essential resources such as water and food in times of crisis.
Tobacco use and second-hand smoke
Tobacco use is one of the leading global health risks, causing approximately 7 million deaths per year. The use of tobacco is linked to several chronic diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory diseases. Second-hand smoke, which is the smoke that is exhaled by a smoker or from the burning end of a cigarette, can also cause serious health problems for non-smokers.
- Tobacco use is the largest preventable cause of death worldwide.
- Second-hand smoke can cause lung cancer, heart disease, and asthma in adults and children.
- The tobacco industry aggressively markets their products, especially in developing countries where regulations on tobacco advertising and sales are less strict.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been working to reduce the use of tobacco and second-hand smoke worldwide. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is a treaty that aims to reduce the demand for tobacco and to protect people from exposure to second-hand smoke. The treaty has been ratified by 181 countries, covering 90% of the world’s population.
Despite the ongoing efforts to reduce the use of tobacco, it remains a significant global health risk. The following table shows the prevalence of tobacco use in 10 countries with the highest rates:
| Country | Tobacco Use (% of Population) |
|---|---|
| Indonesia | 76.2 |
| Bangladesh | 43.3 |
| Philippines | 40.8 |
| Russia | 39.1 |
| Egypt | 37.8 |
| Pakistan | 33.9 |
| Brazil | 31.1 |
| China | 29.3 |
| India | 28.6 |
| United States | 18.1 |
It is important for individuals and governments to take action to reduce the use of tobacco and exposure to second-hand smoke. This can include implementing policies such as tobacco taxes, smoke-free laws, and bans on tobacco advertising and promotion. Quitting smoking is the best thing an individual can do for their health, and resources such as counseling and medication can help individuals quit successfully.
Injuries and Violence
Injuries and violence are a major global health risk. It is a leading cause of death among people aged 5 to 29 years old. Injuries and violence are preventable, but many countries have limited resources to implement effective interventions.
- Road traffic injuries: More than 1.3 million people are killed on the world’s roads every year. The majority of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
- Homicide: Homicide rates vary widely across countries, but it remains a significant public health threat in many parts of the world.
- Interpersonal violence: Domestic violence, child abuse, and sexual violence have serious health consequences, including physical injury and mental health problems.
Preventing injuries and violence requires a multi-sectoral approach that involves education, law enforcement, and health services. It is crucial to invest in interventions that have been proven to be effective in reducing injuries and violence.
A recent study by the World Health Organization (WHO) found that investing $1 per person per year in road safety could save up to $58 per person per year in low- and middle-income countries. The study also identified a range of interventions that could reduce the number of road traffic injuries, including the use of seat belts, helmets, and speed limits.
| Leading causes of death due to injuries and violence | Number of deaths per year |
|---|---|
| Self-harm | 800,000 |
| Interpersonal violence | 520,000 |
| Collective violence (war and other conflicts) | 310,000 |
| Road traffic injuries | 1.3 million |
| Drowning | 360,000 |
| Fire-related deaths | 300,000 |
Efforts to prevent injuries and violence must be a priority for global health. By investing in proven interventions, we can save millions of lives and prevent needless suffering.
FAQs about the top 10 global health risks
1) What are the top 10 global health risks?
The top 10 global health risks listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) are air pollution and climate change, non-communicable diseases, influenza pandemic, weak primary healthcare systems, antimicrobial resistance, Ebola and other high-threat pathogens, unsafe food and water, injuries, mental health disorders, and vector-borne diseases.
2) How were these health risks chosen?
The WHO chose these risks based on their potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and the likelihood that they would occur.
3) What can individuals do to reduce their risk of these health risks?
Individuals can reduce their risk of these health risks by practicing healthy behaviors such as exercising regularly, eating a nutritious diet, washing hands frequently, getting vaccinated, practicing safe sex, and wearing protective gear when needed.
4) What is the estimated global impact of these health risks?
Together, these health risks are estimated to cause around 35 million deaths each year worldwide.
5) Which countries are most affected by these health risks?
Low- and middle-income countries are generally most affected by these health risks due to weaker healthcare systems and a lack of resources to prevent and treat these health risks.
6) What is being done to address these health risks?
Governments, international organizations, and NGOs are working together to address these health risks through various initiatives such as promoting healthy behaviors, strengthening healthcare systems, and increasing access to healthcare services.
7) How can we stay informed about these health risks?
One way to stay informed about these health risks is to follow updates from the WHO and other reputable organizations that focus on global health issues.
Thanks for reading!
We hope this article has provided valuable insight into the top 10 global health risks and what can be done to address them. Remember, practicing healthy behaviors and staying informed about these risks is crucial for our individual and collective health. Thank you for reading, and we encourage you to visit again for more informative content!