Fire fighters have undoubtedly been some of the bravest people in the workforce because they have to put their lives on the line every day to save others from harm’s way. This can be one of the toughest jobs there is, as they are exposed to hazardous elements that can lead to serious health problems in the future. One of the major health hazards that firefighters face is exposure to a chemical found in fire fighting foam, which can lead to an increased risk of cancer.
So, what is in fire fighting foam that causes cancer? The short answer is per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a family of chemicals that have been in use since the 1950s because of their effectiveness in fighting fires. PFAS accumulate in the body and can remain there for years, leading to a number of dangerous health problems, including several types of cancer. These toxins can contaminate drinking water supplies and pose significant risks for those living near active firefighting operations.
For many firefighters, the risks associated with exposure to PFAS are not always clear and can have detrimental long-term effects on their health. It is therefore important to understand more about these toxins and how they can impact our health. And, as fire service personnel work closely with these chemicals daily, it is important they have access to accurate and up-to-date information to help them make better-informed decisions about their activities. So, let’s explore the dangers of PFAS chemicals further and examine what we can do to reduce their harmful effects.
Harmful Chemicals in Firefighting Foam
Although firefighting foam is essential in battling fires, it is important to note that it contains harmful chemicals that can cause cancer. The most common chemicals found in firefighting foam are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFAS are man-made chemicals that are used in a variety of products, including firefighting foam, due to their resistance to heat, water, and oil.
Here are some of the harmful chemicals found in firefighting foam:
- Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
- Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)
- Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)
- Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS)
- Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS)
These chemicals are classified as a “forever chemical” because they don’t break down naturally and can accumulate in the environment and human bodies over time. Exposure to these chemicals has been linked to cancer, kidney and liver damage, immune system problems, and developmental and reproductive issues.
Studies have shown that firefighters who are regularly exposed to firefighting foam are at a higher risk of developing cancer. In fact, a study by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found that firefighters had a higher incidence of cancer than the general population, with the highest risk being for testicular and prostate cancer.
Types of firefighting foam
Firefighting foams are a key tool in fighting Class B fires, which involve flammable liquids and gases. They work by suppressing vapors and sealing off fuel sources, preventing fires from reigniting. There are two main types of firefighting foam: Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) foam.
- Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)
- Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) foam
AFFF foam is the most common type of firefighting foam used today. It contains a mixture of water, fluorosurfactants, and other additives. When applied to a fire, the foam creates a film between the fuel and the air, preventing the release of vapors that could reignite the fire. The fluorosurfactants in AFFF foam are a major source of concern for firefighters and environmental groups because they contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These chemicals do not break down in the environment and have been linked to a host of health problems, including cancer, thyroid disease, and immune system damage. Many firefighting facilities have been found to have high levels of PFAS in their soil and water.
PFOA foam is an older type of firefighting foam that contains perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a chemical that has been linked to several health problems, including cancer. PFOA foam is no longer used in most firefighting operations, but it is still found in some older firefighting facilities and equipment.
While firefighting foam is an essential tool in fighting fires, it comes with its own set of risks and hazards. Firefighters and others who work with firefighting foam are at risk of exposure to PFAS and other harmful chemicals. To minimize exposure, it is important for firefighting facilities to use safe handling and disposal practices and for firefighters to use personal protective equipment when working with foam.
Substances Found in Firefighting Foam
Several harmful substances have been found in firefighting foam. These substances include:
| Substance | Hazard |
|---|---|
| Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) | Linked to a host of health problems, including cancer, thyroid disease, and immune system damage. |
| Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) | Linked to several health problems, including cancer. |
| Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) | Linked to reproductive and developmental harm. |
| Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | Linked to cancer, immune system damage, and reproductive and developmental harm. |
It is important to use firefighting foam in a safe and responsible manner to minimize the risk of exposure to these harmful substances.
Health effects of firefighting foam exposure
Firefighting foam is often used to suppress fires, but its chemical composition can have concerning health effects on humans.
- Studies have shown that exposure to firefighting foam can increase the risk of cancer, including bladder, kidney, testicular, and prostate cancer.
- Exposure to firefighting foam chemicals can also lead to developmental issues and reproductive disorders in both men and women.
- Long-term exposure to these chemicals has been linked to liver and thyroid disease, as well as immune system dysfunction.
Due to the potential risks associated with firefighting foam exposure, many countries have implemented regulations on their use and are exploring alternative measures to suppress fires.
Chemicals found in firefighting foam can be further analyzed in a table:
| Chemical Name | Health Risk |
|---|---|
| Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) | Linked to liver and thyroid disease |
| Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) | Linked to developmental issues and reproductive disorders |
| Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) | Data suggests potential reproductive and developmental risks |
| Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) | Little research on the human health effects, but known to accumulate in the body |
It is important for firefighters and individuals working in related industries to take proper precautions to minimize exposure to these chemicals and for authorities to continue researching and regulating the use of firefighting foam.
Contamination from firefighting foam
Firefighting foam is a critical tool for suppressing flammable liquid fires. However, the foam contains various chemicals that have been linked to serious health issues like cancer and other diseases. Here are some of the contaminants that have contributed to the contamination of firefighting foam:
- PFAS: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as “forever chemicals,” are found in firefighting foam used in airports and military bases. PFAS does not break down in the environment and can stay in the human body for years, contributing to liver damage, thyroid disease, and cancer.
- Phthalates: These are chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and can also be found in firefighting foam. They have been linked to reproductive problems, cancer, and asthma.
- 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol: This chemical caused a major contamination of the Elk River in West Virginia in 2014. This chemical is found in some types of firefighting foam and is linked to liver damage and cancer.
While this is not an exhaustive list, it provides examples of common contaminants found in firefighting foam. Once these chemicals enter the environment, they can spread rapidly, contaminating waterways and groundwater. This can lead to long-lasting health effects for people who come in contact with the chemicals.
Contamination can also occur from the use of the foam. Firefighters can be exposed to the contaminants when applying the foam or when the foam splashes onto their skin or clothing. Clean-up crews can also be exposed when cleaning up after a fire. In addition, the foam can contaminate nearby groundwater, making it unhealthy to use.
| Chemical | Health Effects |
|---|---|
| PFAS | Thyroid disease, liver damage, cancer |
| Phthalates | Reproductive problems, cancer, asthma |
| 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol | Liver damage, cancer |
It’s important that we understand the risks of these contaminants and work to find alternatives to firefighting foam that aren’t harmful to human health or the environment. Until then, it’s critical that firefighters and others who work with firefighting foam take precautions to minimize their exposure.
Environmental impact of firefighting foam
Firefighting foam has been used for decades to extinguish fires of various magnitudes and types. However, the harmful effects of firefighting foam on the environment have raised concerns among environmentalists and policymakers. The major environmental impact of firefighting foam is on water, air, and soil.
- Water pollution: One of the most significant environmental impacts of firefighting foam is on water. It contains per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs); these chemicals can enter the groundwater and cause long-term damage to the environment and public health.
- Air pollution: The toxic gases and particles produced during the combustion of firefighting foam can contaminate the air. Some of these substances are hazardous pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, which contribute to respiratory diseases upon inhalation.
- Soil contamination: Firefighting foam has the potential to harm the soil through seepage or spillage. The toxins present in firefighting foam can reduce the soil’s fertility and negatively impact the biodiversity in the surrounding environment.
The use of firefighting foam should be monitored and regulated to limit its impact on the environment. As more research is conducted, the public should remain informed about the dangers of firefighting foam and support practices that benefit the environment.
The Solution
The solution to the environmental impact of firefighting foam is the development of sustainable firefighting solutions. Research and advancement in technology can lead to the production of fire extinguishers that do not contain PFASs and other harmful chemicals.
Furthermore, proper storage and management of firefighting foam should also be enforced. Leaks, spills, and misguided disposal of the foam should be minimized to prevent contamination of the environment.
Conclusion
| Firefighting foam is essential in extinguishing fires quickly and effectively. However, it poses significant environmental risks. |
| Proper regulation and management of firefighting foam is necessary to protect the environment and public health from contamination. |
| The development of sustainable firefighting solutions and practices is the solution to minimizing the environmental impacts of firefighting foam. |
As individuals, we can also contribute to reducing the harmful effects of firefighting foam by supporting sustainable firefighting solutions and promoting proper management and disposal practices.
Regulations and restrictions on firefighting foam use
Firefighting foam, also known as aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), has been used for decades to suppress fires. However, it was not until recently that concerns have emerged regarding the potential health risks associated with its use. Firefighting foam contains a class of chemicals called per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are known to be highly persistent in the environment and linked to various health issues, including cancer.
As a result, many governments, organizations, and communities are taking measures to regulate and restrict the use of firefighting foam. Here are some of the regulations and restrictions currently in place:
- The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a health advisory level of 70 parts per trillion (ppt) for the two most prevalent PFAS compounds found in AFFF, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). This means that if AFFF is used, steps must be taken to prevent PFAS from entering drinking water supplies and the environment.
- The European Union (EU) has restricted the use of PFAS in firefighting foam to emergency situations only and with significant limitations, including mandatory training for the use and disposal of foam containing PFAS.
- The state of Michigan, USA, has banned the use of firefighting foam containing PFAS, except in emergency situations, and requires facilities to report any incidents of use to the state and local authorities.
Aside from these regulations and restrictions, many fire departments and organizations are transitioning to alternative firefighting methods and products that do not contain PFAS. These alternatives include high expansion foam, compressed air foam, and aqueous foam.
| Regulation/Restriction | Description |
|---|---|
| EPA Health Advisory Level | Set a level of 70 ppt for PFOA and PFOS in drinking water supplies and the environment if AFFF is used. |
| EU Restrictions | Restricted the use of PFAS in firefighting foam to emergency situations and mandates training for use and disposal of foam containing PFAS. |
| Michigan Ban | Banned the use of firefighting foam containing PFAS except in emergency situations and requires the reporting of incidents to authorities. |
The regulations and restrictions surrounding the use of firefighting foam containing PFAS are indicative of the growing concern about the potential health risks associated with these chemicals. As more research is conducted and more information is made available, it is likely that further restrictions and regulations will be implemented to protect public health and the environment.
Alternatives to firefighting foam
As more and more studies are being conducted on the harmful effects of firefighting foam, it has become increasingly important to find alternative solutions to fight fires without compromising the safety and health of firefighters and the environment. Here are some promising alternatives to firefighting foam:
- Dry firefighting agents: Powder-based extinguishers, such as ABC powder, can be used as an efficient alternative to foam. These dry agents work by smothering the fire, cutting off its oxygen supply, and can be used on all types of fires.
- Clean agents: Halon, an ozone-depleting chemical, was once the most commonly used clean agent. However, it is now banned in many countries due to its harmful effects on the environment. Clean agents are effective in suppressing fires without causing any harm to the environment or the people involved. Examples of clean agents include Novec 1230 and FM-200.
- Water mist: As the name suggests, water mist systems use a fine mist of water to extinguish fires. These systems are highly effective in suppressing fires and have the added benefit of minimizing water damage to the surrounding area. They are particularly effective in high-rise buildings and confined spaces.
While these alternatives are promising, it is important to note that they may not be suitable for every situation. The type of extinguishing agent used depends on the type of fire and the environment. It is essential that firefighters are trained to understand the hazards of different types of fires and have the necessary knowledge to choose the most effective type of extinguishing agent for the situation.
FAQs: What Is in Fire Fighting Foam That Causes Cancer?
1. What chemicals are in firefighting foam?
Firefighting foams contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of man-made chemicals that have been linked to cancer and other health effects in humans and animals.
2. How do PFAS in firefighting foam cause cancer?
PFAS exposure has been linked to several types of cancer, including kidney, testicular, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers. The exact mechanism by which PFAS causes cancer is still being studied, but it is believed to interfere with hormonal pathways and disrupt the body’s natural defenses against cancer.
3. Are all firefighting foams harmful?
Not all firefighting foams contain PFAS, but those that do can pose a significant risk to human health and the environment.
4. How can I protect myself from PFAS exposure during firefighting operations?
It is essential to wear proper protective gear, including respiratory protection, when working with firefighting foams. Proper decontamination procedures should also be followed after exposure to minimize the risk of PFAS exposure.
5. What regulations exist to protect firefighters from PFAS exposure?
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a lifetime health advisory level of 70 parts per trillion (ppt) for two of the most common PFAS compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). However, several states and municipalities have established lower advisory levels or banned firefighting foam containing PFAS altogether.
6. What should I do if I am diagnosed with cancer related to PFAS exposure?
If you believe you have developed cancer related to PFAS exposure from firefighting foam, you should consult a healthcare professional and seek legal advice.
7. Are there any alternatives to PFAS-containing firefighting foam?
Yes, there are alternatives to firefighting foam that do not contain PFAS. These include foam made from protein, fluorine-free foam, and compressed air foam systems.
Closing Thoughts: Thank You for Caring About Your Health and Safety
We hope these FAQs have helped you understand the risks associated with PFAS exposure from firefighting foam and how you can protect yourself during firefighting operations. The health and safety of firefighters and the general public is of vital importance, and we encourage you to stay informed and take necessary precautions to lessen exposure to harmful chemicals. Thank you for reading, and we hope you visit again soon for more information that can help keep you informed, healthy and prepared.